Introduction to Understanding the Bullying Epidemic

This article is born of firsthand experience being the target of adult bullying and relational aggression in the lesbian community; in lesbian volunteer communities and our projects; and in spiritual community such as synagogues. Bullying and psychological violence is due to a problem with the aggressor, not the target. Numerous social factors magnify the epidemic of bullying in our communities. Specific common sense steps can and should be taken to support those who have been bullied, and to help ensure safe, moral, healthy community for us all.

Laws and professional codes need to be tightened and enforced in order to guide appropriate behavior in our communities, particularly on the part of our bosses, but also on the part of teachers, clergy, therapists and other workers in the caring professions. Complaints of bullying need to be taken seriously, investigated properly, standards enforced, with bullies held accountable.

Bullying is a unique phenomenon in that frequently three parties and not two parties are involved. The parties are the bully, the target (not a victim) and the third parties such as witnesses. These third parties may be enablers, or they may be protectors of the targets, or they may be enforcers of prevailing norms of cultural virtue, or anywhere along this continuum. The phenomena and response of the third party is of primary significance in stopping bullying. Due to the importance of the three-party dynamic, neither therapy nor mediation is typically an appropriate avenue for stopping bullying. The key to stopping bullying is likely to have its roots in the previous paragraph.

Factors such as enabling on the part of third parties make bullying and its effects worse. These attitudes are often supported primarily by ignorance about what bullying and abuse is, and what it is not. Additionally, enablers may not know what enabling is, either. Enabling is often accompanied by an attitude of powerlessness over what can be done, sometimes with fears of social, financial and legal retaliation to those who speak out. The attitude of schadenfreude cannot be overlooked as a factor in enabling. And perhaps most significantly, a lack of meaningful intervention sometimes finds its intellectual, moral and spiritual roots in "idiot compassion" which was discussed in a truly great teaching by Karma Yogini here.

Other socially relevant factors in bullying include lack of protection for certain vulnerable populations. For example, those who are living with disabilities that affect cognition or affect one's ability to communicate and advocate are likely targets. The elderly are another probable target.

Of relevance is the scenario and background for workplace-related bullying. Workplace bullies typically act out when held accountable for their own shortcomings, inadequacies, or bad behavior. Some workplace bullies are threatened by their targets skills, or popularity, or innovative ideas.

Unfortunately the lesbian community is not immune to sexual misconduct and sexual harassment. A woman who says no to another woman's sexual offers, may be targeted for retaliatory relational aggression, which is a form of bullying.

The bully discharges her own feelings of aggression on to a target. In yet another layer, the bully attempts to involve third parties in isolating the target from social, emotional, spiritual, collegial, or professional support. The bully uses and exploits her relationships in business or social networks. The web can often play a role in this.

Today bullying is magnified or intensified by the influence and power of the internet. The internet effect is significant because online communication is instantaneous and unregulated. Additionally, internet bullying reaches the target where she reads email and accesses social networking sites, such as previously safe areas, like the home or even the bedroom. Furthermore, those who live with disability may be more likely to socialize and communicate online. And some populations and special interest groups may make heavier use of the internet in order to self-identify and to connect, such as the LGBT population or some spiritual groups. For those in these impacted groups, attacks on one's internet persona, reputation, and work may be more critical and damaging.

When a bully uses many of these weapons such as relational aggression, the internet, and threatening the financial or professional livelihood of the target, the isolation and suffering can produce psychiatric injury, including complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. A target may develop suicidal thoughts, and suicide can sometimes result.

Understanding bullying can provide a glimpse into the human heart and condition. As a society, it's our moral mandate to develop practical, effective approaches to handling aggression, psychological aggression, and bullying. Tim Field, a pioneer on bullying and a world-renowned expert on the subject, believed "bullying was the single most important social issue of today, and that its study provided an opportunity to understand the behaviors which underlie almost all conflict and violence."

Here is Field's comprehensive definition of workplace bullying, however, much of this is relevant to bullying and to psychological violence generally.
"Bullying is a compulsive need to displace aggression and is achieved by the expression of inadequacy (social, personal, interpersonal, behavioral, professional) by projection of that inadequacy onto others through control and subjugation (criticism, exclusion, isolation etc). Bullying is sustained by abdication of responsibility (denial, counter-accusation, pretense of victimhood) and perpetuated by a climate of fear, ignorance, indifference, silence, denial, disbelief, deception, evasion of accountability, tolerance and reward (eg promotion) for the bully."

What I love about Field's model is how he identifies counter-accusations and pretense of victimhood that sustain bullies. He associates this with denial and abdication of responsibility. He is absolutely right to place this behavior as part of the bullying definition and characteristic.

The workplace culture of bullying is surprising and significant. Field cited surveys from the UK and the USA which showed that those who worked in the caring fields are at the top of the list of bullied workers. This suggests a staggering, unconscionable possibility: the caring fields employ huge numbers of bullies.

Why do bullies work there? What is it about the culture of caring that shelters bullies? I have thoughts about that for a future post.

Make sure you check out the next post, about the specific things you can do to help someone targeted by bullies.

I didn't use a lot of links in this article, as I have a head injury and right now am not the best at footnotes and detail. I hope to add better citations in the future.

Look over these statistics on bullying in the American workplace, from a 2007 study by Zogby International.

--Bullying is four times more common than either sexual harassment or racial discrimination.

--37% of the American workforce has been bullied.

--72% of bullies are bosses.

--Only 3% of bullied targets file lawsuits. 40% never complain.

--Women are targets of bullying more frequently than men, and in 71% of the cases where women were targets, the bully was also a woman (this was in a heterosexual setting.)

--Bullying is stopped by the target leaving 77% of the time.